Complete remission with histamine blocker in a patient with intractable hyperadrenergic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome secondary to long coronavirus disease syndrome.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a global public health concern and its sequels have barely started to outcrop. A good percentage of patients who suffered from COVID-19 are prone to develop long-COVID or post-COVID condition (PCC), a multisystemic, heterogeneous, chronic disorder. Patients with PCC may experience diverse manifestations, of which cardiovascular and neurological symptoms are among the most frequently reported. Indeed, dysautonomia presented as orthostatic intolerance has gained room following recent reports linking postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) with PCC. Disturbances in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) during postural changes are the cornerstones of orthostatic intolerance seen in patients suffering from PCC. A subtype of POTS, hyperadrenergic POTS, has been widely studied because of its association with mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Although a causative relationship between PCC, hyperadrenergic POTS, and MCAS remains unrevealed, these syndromes can overlap. We want to propose here a correlation produced by a close-loop mechanism with positive feedback established after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a previously healthy young patient.

Are we choosing wisely? Drivers of preoperative MRI use in breast cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Factors contributing to the use of preoperative MRI remain poorly understood. METHODS: Data from a randomized controlled trial of stage 0-3 breast cancer patients undergoing breast conserving surgery between 2016 and 2018 were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 396 patients in this trial, 32.6% had a preoperative MRI. Patient age, race, ethnicity, tumor histology, and use of neoadjuvant therapy were significant predictors of MRI use. On multivariate analysis, younger patients with invasive lobular tumors were more likely to have a preoperative MRI. Rates also varied significantly by individual surgeon (p < 0.001); in particular, female surgeons (39.9% vs. 24.0% for male surgeons, p = 0.001) and those in community practice (58.9% vs. 14.2% for academic, p < 0.001) were more likely to order preoperative MRI. Rates declined over the two years of the study, particularly among female surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative MRI varies with patient age and tumor histology; however, there remains variability by individual surgeon.

Does Localization Technique Matter for Non-palpable Breast Cancers?

BACKGROUND: There are several techniques for localization of non-palpable breast tumors, but comparisons of these techniques in terms of margin positivity and volume of tissue resected are lacking. METHODS: Between 2011-2013 and 2016-2018, 2 randomized controlled trials involving 10 centers across the United States accrued 631 patients with stage 0-3 breast cancer, all of whom underwent breast conserving surgery. Of these, 522 had residual non-palpable tumors for which localization was required. The localization technique was left to the discretion of the individual surgeon. We compared margin positivity and volume of tissue resected between various localization techniques. RESULTS: The majority of the patients (n = 465; 89.1%) had wire localization (WL), 50 (9.6%) had radioactive seed (RS) localization, and 7 (1.3%) had Savi Scout (SS) localization. On bivariate analysis, there was no difference in terms of margin positivity (37.8% vs. 28.0% vs. 28.6%, P = .339) nor re-excision rates (13.3% vs. 12.0% vs. 14.3%, P = .961) for the WL, RS, and SS groups, respectively. Further, the volume of tissue removed was not significantly different between the 3 groups (71.9 cm3 vs. 55.8 cm3 vs. 86.6 cm3 for the WL, RS, and SS groups, respectively, P = .340). On multivariate analysis, margin status was affected by tumor size (OR = 1.336; 95% CI: 1.148-1.554, P<.001) but not by type of localization (P = .670). CONCLUSIONS: While there are a number of methods for tumor localization, choice of technique does not seem to influence volume of tissue resected nor margin status.

Factors Affecting Time to Surgery in Breast Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine factors affecting time to surgery (TTS) to identify potential modifiable factors to improve timeliness of care. METHODS: Patients with clinical stage 0-3 breast cancer undergoing partial mastectomy in 2 clinical trials, conducted in ten centers across the US, were analyzed. No preoperative workup was mandated by the study; those receiving neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. RESULTS: The median TTS among the 583 patients in this cohort was 34 days (range: 1-289). Patient age, race, tumor palpability, and genomic subtype did not influence timeliness of care defined as TTS ≤30 days. Hispanic patients less likely to have a TTS ≤30 days (P = .001). There was significant variation in TTS by surgeon (P < .001); those practicing in an academic center more likely to have TTS ≤30 days than those in a community setting (55.1% vs 19.3%, P < .001). Patients who had a preoperative ultrasound had a similar TTS to those who did not (TTS ≤30 days 41.9% vs 51.9%, respectively, P = .109), but those who had a preoperative MRI had a significantly increased TTS (TTS ≤30 days 25.0% vs 50.9%, P < .001). On multivariate analysis, patient ethnicity was no longer significantly associated with TTS ≤30 (P = .150). Rather, use of MRI (OR: .438; 95% CI: .287-.668, P < .001) and community practice type (OR: .324; 95% CI: .194-.541, P < .001) remained independent predictors of lower likelihood of TTS ≤30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative MRI significantly increases time to surgery; surgeons should consider this in deciding on its use.

Resection of Cavity Shave Margins in Stage 0-III Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Breast Conserving Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Single-center studies have demonstrated that resection of cavity shave margins (CSM) halves the rate of positive margins and re-excision in breast cancer patients undergoing partial mastectomy (PM). We sought to determine if these findings were externally generalizable across practice settings. METHODS: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial occurring in 9 centers across the United States, stage 0-III breast cancer patients undergoing PM were randomly assigned to either have resection of CSM ("shave" group) or not ("no shave" group). Randomization occurred intraoperatively, after the surgeon had completed their standard PM. Primary outcome measures were positive margin and re-excision rates. RESULTS: Between July 28, 2016 and April 13, 2018, 400 patients were enrolled in this trial. Four patients (2 in each arm) did not meet inclusion criteria after randomization, leaving 396 patients for analysis: 196 in the "shave" group and 200 to the "no shave" group. Median patient age was 65 years (range; 29-94). Groups were well matched at baseline for demographic and clinicopathologic factors. Prior to randomization, positive margin rates were similar in the "shave" and "no shave" groups (76/196 (38.8%) vs. 72/200 (36.0%), respectively, P = 0.604). After randomization, those in the "shave" group were significantly less likely than those in the "no shave" group to have positive margins (19/196 (9.7%) vs. 72/200 (36.0%), P < 0.001), and to require re-excision or mastectomy for margin clearance (17/196 (8.7%) vs. 47/200 (23.5%), P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Resection of CSM significantly reduces positive margin and re-excision rates in patients undergoing PM.

Impact of Cavity Shave Margins on Margin Status in Patients with Pure Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

BACKGROUND: We examined the impact of cavity shave margins (CSMs) on margin status in patients with pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) undergoing partial mastectomy (PM). METHODS: One hundred and nine patients from 2 multicenter, randomized controlled trials were identified with pure DCIS (no invasive cancer). Surgeons performed their best PM, with specimen radiography and resection of selective margins per surgeon discretion. Patients were then randomized to have CSM resected or not. A positive margin was defined as <2 mm from ink. RESULTS: Median patient age was 63 years; median size of DCIS was 1.20 cm; 43.6% of patients had high-grade DCIS; and 58 (53.2%) patients were randomized to take CSM. The "shave" and "no-shave" groups were well-matched for age, race, ethnicity, palpability, grade, and size of DCIS. Although 33 (56.9%) of the patients in the shave group had a positive margin before randomization, only 12 (20.7%) had a positive margin after randomization to CSM (p < 0.001). In the no-shave group, 17 patients (33.3%) had a positive margin. Controlling for size and grade of DCIS, taking CSM resulted in a nearly 65% reduction in the positive-margin rate (odds ratio 0.366; 95% CI, 0.136 to 0.981; p = 0.046). Size of DCIS remained an independent predictor of positive margins in the model (odds ratio 1.646; 95% CI, 1.227 to 2.209; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CSM reduces positive-margin rates in patients with pure DCIS, and can be a practical solution for DCIS patients who tend to have a high rate of margin positivity.

[Assessment of antibiotic use and impact of an intervention intended to modify the prescribing behavior in surgical prophylaxis in 6hospitals in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico]. / Evaluación del uso de antibióticos e impacto de una intervención dirigida a modificar la conducta prescriptiva en profilaxis quirúrgica en 6hospitales del área metropolitana de Monterrey.

BACKGROUND: Improper use of antibiotics increases antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the use of antibiotics and the impact of an intervention designed to improve antibiotic prescription for surgical prophylaxis in 6 hospitals of Monterrey, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Design: A prospective multicenter survey and a pretest-postest experimental study. Phase 1: Survey to evaluate the use of antibiotics through an especially designed guide. Phase 2: Intervention designed to improve antibiotic prescription for surgical prophylaxis by the medical staff by using printed, audiovisual and electronic messages. Phase 3: Survey to evaluate the impact of the intervention. ANALYSIS: Frequencies, percentages, medians, ranges and X2 test. RESULTS: Phase 1: We evaluated 358 surgical patients, 274 prophylactic antibiotic regimens. A total of 96% of antibiotics regimens began with inappropriate timing (290/302), 82.8% were inappropriate regimens (274/331), 77.7% were in inappropriate dosage (230/296), 86% of inadequate length (241/280), and in 17.4% restricted antibiotics were used (52/299). Phase 2: 9 sessions including 189 physicians (14 department chairs, 58 general practitioners and 117 residents). Phase 3: We evaluated 303 surgical patients, 218 prophylactic antibiotics regimens. Inappropriate treatment commencement was reduced to 84.1% (180/214) (P<0.001), inappropriate regimens to 75.3% (162/215) (P=0.03), inappropriate dosages to 51.2% (110/215) (P<0.001), and use of restricted antibiotics to 8.3% (18/215) (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery is a frequent problem in Monterrey. The intervention improved the antibiotic prescription for surgical prophylaxis by reducing inappropriate treatment commencement, regimens, dosages, and overuse of restricted antibiotics. It is necessary to strengthen strategies to improve the prescription of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis.

Fibrosis mediastinal, una causa poco frecuente de quilotórax bilateral: Reporte de caso / Mediastinal Fibrosis. A rare cause of bilateral chylothorax. Case Report

Antecedentes: La presencia de quilotórax se define como un líquido pleural con abundantes concentraciones de quilomicrones, o con niveles elevados de triglicéridos, mayor a 110 mg/dl y bajos de colesterol. Dentro de las causas más frecuentes de quilotórax no traumático o secundario a un abordaje quirúrgico tenemos las neoplasias hematológicas y tumoraciones mediastinales. Objetivo: Reportar el éxito de ésta opción terapéutica ofrecida. Caso clínico: Paciente femenino de 58 años con antecedente de 1 año de evolución con dolor lumbar. La tomografía reporta tumoración mediastinal con derrame pleural bilateral. Se realiza toracocentésis obteniendo calidad del liquido como quilotórax bilateral. Se inicia manejo medico y se procede a realizar toracotomía izquierda y toracoscopía derecha con pleurodesis química con iodopovidona. La paciente evoluciona favorablemente, dependiente de oxígeno. Los resultados finales de patología reportan mediastinitis fibrosante IgG4 negativo. Discusión: Los síntomas de presentación de la enfermedad son poco específicos y depende de la afectación de órganos torácicos. En nuestro caso se trató de afectación del conducto torácico, con la consecuente formación de quilotórax bilateral. Conclusiones: No existe un tratamiento curativo definitivo para esta enfermedad. La mortalidad es variable, reportándose de hasta 30% a 6 años y esta relacionada a la afectación de los órganos intratorácicos.

Background: The prescience of chylothorax is defined as pleural liquid with abundant concentrations of chylomicrons, with high levels of triglycerides, more than 110 mg/dl and low in cholesterol. Between the most frequent causes of non-traumatic chylothorax are secondary to a surgical procedure, hematologic neoplasms and mediastinal tumors. Objective: Report de success rate of the therapeutic technique used in this patient. Clinical Case: A 48-year-old female with history of 1 year of lumbar pain, a computer tomography was performed where mediastinal tumor and bilateral pleural effusion was diagnosed. A thoracentesis was performed diagnosing bilateral chylothorax. Medical treatment was started without improvement, a left thoracotomy and right thoracoscopy with chemical pleurodesis were performed. Patient improved clinically, dependent of oxygen. Final pathologic exam reported IgG4 negative fibrosant mediastinitis. Discussion: The symptoms of presentation of the disease are not specific and depend on the invasion to adjacent thoracic organs, with the consequent formation of bilateral chylothorax. Conclusions: No curative treatment exists for this disease. It presents with variable mortality, some of 30% at 6 years and it is related with intrathoracic organ affection.

Follicular Lymphoma Presenting Solely as Chronic Follicular Conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: Conjunctival lymphoma rarely can have atypical clinical presentations. The authors report a case of conjunctival follicular lymphoma that presented solely as bilateral chronic follicular conjunctivitis. This case underscores that the pathological characteristics of conjunctival follicles can only be determined by histopathologic examination. METHODS: The patient underwent conjunctival scraping and biopsy after clinical history and examination failed to reveal the etiology of his chronic, symptomatic, follicular conjunctivitis. RESULTS: Histopathologic and immunohistochemical testing disclosed a bilateral low-grade conjunctival follicular lymphoma. The patient was treated with radiation therapy and remained in remission clinically 6 months after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare, conjunctival lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic follicular conjunctivitis. This case is unique and further supports the notion that tissue biopsy may be needed for chronic, symptomatic conjunctivitis of unknown etiology.

[Subclinical sensorineural hearing loss in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. / Hipoacusia neurosensorial subclínica en pacientes femeninas con artritis reumatoide.

BACKGROUND: The rheumatoid arthritis is a clinical entity capable to cause hearing impairment that can be diagnosed promptly with high frequencies audiometry. OBJECTIVE: To detect subclinical sensorineural hearing loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study on patients with rheumatoid arthritis performing high frequency audiometry 125Hz to 16,000Hz and tympanometry. The results were correlated with markers of disease activity and response to therapy. RESULTS: High frequency audiometry was performed in 117 female patients aged from 19 to 65 years. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed at a sensitivity of pure tones from 125 to 8,000 Hz in 43.59%, a tone threshold of 10,000 to 16,000Hz in 94.02% patients in the right ear and in 95.73% in the left ear. Hearing was normal in 8 (6.84%) patients. Hearing loss was observed in 109 (93.16%), and was asymmetric in 36 (30.77%), symmetric in 73 (62.37%), bilateral in 107 (91.45%), unilateral in 2 (1.71%), and no conduction and/or mixed hearing loss was encountered. Eight (6.83%) patients presented vertigo, 24 (20.51%) tinnitus. Tympanogram type A presented in 88.90% in the right ear and 91.46% in the left ear, with 5.98 to 10.25% type As. Stapedius reflex was present in 75.3 to 85.2%. Speech discrimination in the left ear was significantly different (p = 0.02)in the group older than 50 years. No association was found regarding markers of disease activity, but there was an association with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis disease. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a high prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss for high and very high frequencies.

The burden of stroke in México.

Regrettably, stroke has been scarcely studied in México, and the available data suffer from great variability in diagnostic testing, risk factor definitions, and poor generalizability. The current cumulative incidence of stroke in Mexico is 232.2 per 100,000, whereas prevalence among people aged 60 years or older is 18.2 per 1000. Hypertension and diabetes are the main risk factors. Ischemic stroke is the most frequent sub-type. Stroke mortality has been increasing during last years, and 30-day case fatality rate doubles at one-year follow-up. A remarkable finding of a hospital-based registry was that most of ischemic stroke cases are of undetermined etiology and even when a quarter of patients arrive on time for thrombolysis, less than 1% received this management.

Incidental benign metastasizing leiomyoma in a patient with bone sarcoma: a case report.

Background. The benign metastasizing leiomyoma is an exceptionally rare entity; it presents with ectopic leiomyoma nodules with a benign pattern. Symptoms vary according to the anatomic location. The diagnosis is histopathological, usually in patients with history of hysterectomy. Case Presentation. A 36-year-old female with 2-month history of left knee pain was diagnosed with bone fibrosarcoma. A CT scan showed pulmonary nodules. The patient started neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conservative surgery of pelvic limb was achieved. A new CT scan reported pulmonary nodules that remained in relation to the previous CT. A nodule resection by thoracotomy and TOB (transoperative biopsy) was performed. The final pathology report described benign proliferative lesions consistent with benign metastatic leiomyoma. Conclusions. Benign metastatic leiomyoma is a rare condition presenting with uterine and extrauterine nodules most commonly in the lung. The diagnosis is histopathological. The surgical procedure must be reserved for selected patients.

"Almost bleeding to death": the conundrum of acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia.

Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (AAT) is a rare hematological disorder causing severe thrombocytopenia and bleeding. Previous in vitro studies postulated both cell-mediated suppression of megakaryocytopoiesis in early megakaryocytic progenitor cells and humoral-mediated suppression by anti-thrombopoietin antibodies as possible etiologies of AAT. Patients with AAT usually present with severe bleeding and thrombocytopenia that is unresponsive to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Although standard guidelines have not been established for management of AAT, a few case reports have indicated a response to immunosuppressive treatment. The prompt recognition of this disease entity is essential in view of the substantial risk of morbidity and mortality from excessive bleeding. We report a case of AAT successfully treated with equine antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine (CSP).

¿Cómo reducir los accidentes cerebrovasculares en Latinoamérica? Parte 4 / How can we avoid a stroke crisis? / Como podemos evitar uma crise de AVC na América Latina?

Cada año, cientos de miles de personas en Latinoamérica sufren un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), y se prevé que la cantidad de ACV por año aumente dramáticamente a medida que la población envejece. Esta es una epidemia que ya comienza a aparecer, y se requieren medidas inmediatas para evitar una crisis. Muchos de estos pacientes mueren a causa de un ACV; otros quedan con discapacidades graves, lo que es devastador no sólo para sus vidas, sino también para sus familiares y cuidadores. No sorprende que las consecuencias económicas del ACV sean enormes, tanto para las personas como para los sistemas de atención médica. La fibrilación auricular (FA) -la anomalía sostenida más común del ritmo cardíaco- afecta a millones de personas en Latinoamérica. Por ejemplo, en Brasil, se ha estimado que, aproximadamente, 1,5 millones de pacientes viven con FA. Las personas con FA tienen un riesgo cinco veces mayor de ACV en comparación con la población general. Más aún, los ACV relacionados con la FA son más graves, tienen peor evolución y son más costosos que los ACV en pacientes sin FA. Por lo tanto, los pacientes con FA constituyen una población importante para reducir la carga general del ACV. Este informe tiene como objetivo generar conciencia entre los profesionales de la salud y quienes tienen poder de decisión sobre la salud acerca de que la mejor comprensión y tratamiento de la FA y una mejor prevención del ACV son posibles. Sin embargo, se necesita una mayor inversión en la prevención del ACV, especialmente, en pacientes con FA. Se requiere con urgencia la acción coordinada de los gobiernos de los países latinoamericanos, a fin de lograr el diagnóstico más temprano y el mejor tratamiento de la FA, y para reducir el riesgo de ACV en pacientes con FA. La implementación de las recomendaciones detalladas en este informe, a nivel regional y nacional, será crucial.

Eachyear, hundredsof thousands of peoplein Latin America suffera stroke, and it is expected that the number of strokes per year increases dramatically as the population ages. This is an epidemic that is beginning to emerge, requiring immediate action to avoid a crisis. Many of these patients die from a stroke; others are severely disabled, which is devastating not only for their lives, but also for their families and caregivers. Not surprisingly, the economic consequences of stroke are enormous, both for individuals and for health care systems. Atrial fibrillation (AF) -the most common sustained abnormality of heart rhythm- affects about 6 million people in Latin America. For example,in Brazil, it was estimated that approximately1.5 million patients living AF. Individuals with AF are at a fivefold increased risk of stroke compared with the general population. Furthermore, strokes related to AF are more severe and have poorer outcomes than strokes in patients without AF. Patients with AF are therefore an important target population for reducing the overall burden of stroke. This report aims to raise awareness among patients, policy makers, healthcare professionals and the general public that better knowledge and management of AF and better prevention of stroke are possible. However, greater investment in preventing stroke is needed, particularly in patients with AF. Coordinated action bygovernmentsof Latin American countries is urgently required to achieve earlier diagnosis and better management of AF and to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AF. Implementation of the recommendations detailed in this report, at regional and national level, will be crucial.

A cada ano, centenas de milhares de pessoas na América Latina manifestam um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e está previsto que o número de AVC por ano aumentará drasticamente com o envelhecimento da população. Esta é uma epidemia que já teve início, necessitando de ação imediata para que se evite uma crise. Muitos desses pacientes vêm a falecer de AVC; outros ficam com graves sequelas que devastam não somente a sua vida, mas a de seus familiares e cuidadores. De forma não surpreendente, as implicações de AVC são imensas tanto para os indivíduos como para os sistemas de saúde. A fibrilação atrial (FA) -a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum- afeta milhões de pessoas na América Latina. Por exemplo, no Brasil, estimou-se que há aproximadamente 1,5 milhões de pacientes que convivem com FA. Indivíduos com FA têm risco cinco vezes maior de AVC comparados à população geral. Além disso, os AVC relacionados à FA são mais graves, têm desfechos piores e são mais onerosos do que AVC em pacientes sem FA. Portanto, pacientes com FA são uma população alvo importante para a redução do ônus geral de AVC. Este relatório visa aumentar a conscientização entre os elaboradores de políticas e os profissionais de saúde de que é possível obter melhor conhecimento e manejo da FA e melhor prevenção de AVC. Entretanto, é necessário um investimento maior na prevenção de AVC, principalmente em pacientes com FA. A ação coordenada entre governos nacionais de países latinoamericanos é urgentemente necessária para se obter um diagnóstico precoce e manejar melhor a FA, e para reduzir o risco de AVC em pacientes com FA. A implementação das recomendações pormenorizadas neste relatório, em âmbito regional e nacional, será crucial.

¿Cómo reducir los accidentes cerebrovasculares en Latinoamérica? Parte 4 / How can we avoid a stroke crisis? / Como podemos evitar uma crise de AVC na América Latina?

Cada año, cientos de miles de personas en Latinoamérica sufren un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), y se prevé que la cantidad de ACV por año aumente dramáticamente a medida que la población envejece. Esta es una epidemia que ya comienza a aparecer, y se requieren medidas inmediatas para evitar una crisis. Muchos de estos pacientes mueren a causa de un ACV; otros quedan con discapacidades graves, lo que es devastador no sólo para sus vidas, sino también para sus familiares y cuidadores. No sorprende que las consecuencias económicas del ACV sean enormes, tanto para las personas como para los sistemas de atención médica. La fibrilación auricular (FA) -la anomalía sostenida más común del ritmo cardíaco- afecta a millones de personas en Latinoamérica. Por ejemplo, en Brasil, se ha estimado que, aproximadamente, 1,5 millones de pacientes viven con FA. Las personas con FA tienen un riesgo cinco veces mayor de ACV en comparación con la población general. Más aún, los ACV relacionados con la FA son más graves, tienen peor evolución y son más costosos que los ACV en pacientes sin FA. Por lo tanto, los pacientes con FA constituyen una población importante para reducir la carga general del ACV. Este informe tiene como objetivo generar conciencia entre los profesionales de la salud y quienes tienen poder de decisión sobre la salud acerca de que la mejor comprensión y tratamiento de la FA y una mejor prevención del ACV son posibles. Sin embargo, se necesita una mayor inversión en la prevención del ACV, especialmente, en pacientes con FA. Se requiere con urgencia la acción coordinada de los gobiernos de los países latinoamericanos, a fin de lograr el diagnóstico más temprano y el mejor tratamiento de la FA, y para reducir el riesgo de ACV en pacientes con FA. La implementación de las recomendaciones detalladas en este informe, a nivel regional y nacional, será crucial.(AU)

Eachyear, hundredsof thousands of peoplein Latin America suffera stroke, and it is expected that the number of strokes per year increases dramatically as the population ages. This is an epidemic that is beginning to emerge, requiring immediate action to avoid a crisis. Many of these patients die from a stroke; others are severely disabled, which is devastating not only for their lives, but also for their families and caregivers. Not surprisingly, the economic consequences of stroke are enormous, both for individuals and for health care systems. Atrial fibrillation (AF) -the most common sustained abnormality of heart rhythm- affects about 6 million people in Latin America. For example,in Brazil, it was estimated that approximately1.5 million patients living AF. Individuals with AF are at a fivefold increased risk of stroke compared with the general population. Furthermore, strokes related to AF are more severe and have poorer outcomes than strokes in patients without AF. Patients with AF are therefore an important target population for reducing the overall burden of stroke. This report aims to raise awareness among patients, policy makers, healthcare professionals and the general public that better knowledge and management of AF and better prevention of stroke are possible. However, greater investment in preventing stroke is needed, particularly in patients with AF. Coordinated action bygovernmentsof Latin American countries is urgently required to achieve earlier diagnosis and better management of AF and to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AF. Implementation of the recommendations detailed in this report, at regional and national level, will be crucial.(AU)

A cada ano, centenas de milhares de pessoas na América Latina manifestam um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e está previsto que o número de AVC por ano aumentará drasticamente com o envelhecimento da populaþÒo. Esta é uma epidemia que já teve início, necessitando de aþÒo imediata para que se evite uma crise. Muitos desses pacientes vÛm a falecer de AVC; outros ficam com graves sequelas que devastam nÒo somente a sua vida, mas a de seus familiares e cuidadores. De forma nÒo surpreendente, as implicaþ§es de AVC sÒo imensas tanto para os indivíduos como para os sistemas de saúde. A fibrilaþÒo atrial (FA) -a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum- afeta milh§es de pessoas na América Latina. Por exemplo, no Brasil, estimou-se que há aproximadamente 1,5 milh§es de pacientes que convivem com FA. Indivíduos com FA tÛm risco cinco vezes maior de AVC comparados O populaþÒo geral. Além disso, os AVC relacionados O FA sÒo mais graves, tÛm desfechos piores e sÒo mais onerosos do que AVC em pacientes sem FA. Portanto, pacientes com FA sÒo uma populaþÒo alvo importante para a reduþÒo do ¶nus geral de AVC. Este relatório visa aumentar a conscientizaþÒo entre os elaboradores de políticas e os profissionais de saúde de que é possível obter melhor conhecimento e manejo da FA e melhor prevenþÒo de AVC. Entretanto, é necessário um investimento maior na prevenþÒo de AVC, principalmente em pacientes com FA. A aþÒo coordenada entre governos nacionais de países latinoamericanos é urgentemente necessária para se obter um diagnóstico precoce e manejar melhor a FA, e para reduzir o risco de AVC em pacientes com FA. A implementaþÒo das recomendaþ§es pormenorizadas neste relatório, em Ômbito regional e nacional, será crucial.(AU)

¿Cómo reducir los accidentes cerebrovasculares en Latinoamérica?: Parte 3 / How can we avoid a stroke crisis? / Como podemos evitar uma crise de AVC na América Latina?

Cada año, cientos de miles de personas en Latinoamérica sufren un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), y se prevé que la cantidad de ACV por año aumente dramáticamente a medida que la población envejece. Esta es una epidemia que ya comienza a aparecer, y se requieren medidas inmediatas para evitar una crisis. Muchos de estos pacientes mueren a causa de un ACV; otros quedan con discapacidades graves, lo que es devastador no sólo para sus vidas, sino también para sus familiares y cuidadores. No sorprende que las consecuencias económicas del ACV sean enormes, tanto para las personas como para los sistemas de atención médica. La fibrilación auricular (FA) -la anomalía sostenida más común del ritmo cardíaco- afecta a millones de personas en Latinoamérica. Por ejemplo, en Brasil, se ha estimado que, aproximadamente, 1,5 millones de pacientes viven con FA. Las personas con FA tienen un riesgo cinco veces mayor de ACV en comparación con la población general. Más aún, los ACV relacionados con la FA son más graves, tienen peor evolución y son más costosos que los ACV en pacientes sin FA. Por lo tanto, los pacientes con FA constituyen una población importante para reducir la carga general del ACV. Este informe tiene como objetivo generar conciencia entre los profesionales de la salud y quienes tienen poder de decisión sobre la salud acerca de que la mejor comprensión y tratamiento de la FA y una mejor prevención del ACV son posibles. Sin embargo, se necesita una mayor inversión en la prevención del ACV, especialmente, en pacientes con FA. Se requiere con urgencia la acción coordinada de los gobiernos de los países latinoamericanos, a fin de lograr el diagnóstico más temprano y el mejor tratamiento de la FA, y para reducir el riesgo de ACV en pacientes con FA. La implementación de las recomendaciones detalladas en este informe, a nivel regional y nacional, será crucial.

Each year, hundreds of thousands of people in Latin America suffer a stroke, and it is expected that the number of strokes per year increases dramatically as the population ages. This is an epidemic that is beginning to emerge, requiring immediate action to avoid a crisis. Many of these patients die from a stroke; others are severely disabled, which is devastating not only for their lives, but also for their families and caregivers. Not surprisingly, the economic consequences of stroke are enormous, both for individuals and for health care systems. Atrial fibrillation (AF) -the most common sustained abnormality of heart rhythm- affects about 6 million people in Latin America. For example, in Brazil, it was estimated that approximately1.5 million patients living AF. Individuals with AF are at a fivefold increased risk of stroke compared with the general population. Furthermore, strokes related to AF are more severe and have poorer outcomes than strokes in patients without AF. Patients with AF are therefore an important target population for reducing the overall burden of stroke. This report aims to raise awareness among patients, policy makers, healthcare professionals and the general public that better knowledge and management of AF and better prevention of stroke are possible. However, greater investment in preventing stroke is needed, particularly in patients with AF. Coordinated action by governments of Latin American countries is urgently required to achieve earlier diagnosis and better management of AF and to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AF. Implementation of the recommendations detailed in this report, at regional and national level, will be crucial.

A cada ano, centenas de milhares de pessoas na América Latina manifestam um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e está previsto que o número de AVC por ano aumentará drasticamente com o envelhecimento da população. Esta é uma epidemia que já teve início, necessitando de ação imediata para que se evite uma crise. Muitos desses pacientes vêm a falecer de AVC; outros ficam com graves sequelas que devastam não somente a sua vida, mas a de seus familiares e cuidadores. De forma não surpreendente, as implicações de AVC são imensas tanto para os indivíduos como para os sistemas de saúde. A fibrilação atrial (FA) -a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum- afeta milhões de pessoas na América Latina. Por exemplo, no Brasil, estimou-se que há aproximadamente 1,5 milhões de pacientes que convivem com FA. Indivíduos com FA têm risco cinco vezes maior de AVC comparados à população geral. Além disso, os AVC relacionados à FA são mais graves, têm desfechos piores e são mais onerosos do que AVC em pacientes sem FA. Portanto, pacientes com FA são uma população alvo importante para a redução do ônus geral de AVC. Este relatório visa aumentar a conscientização entre os elaboradores de políticas e os profissionais de saúde de que é possível obter melhor conhecimento e manejo da FA e melhor prevenção de AVC. Entretanto, é necessário um investimento maior na prevenção de AVC, principalmente em pacientes com FA. A ação coordenada entre governos nacionais de países latinoamericanos é urgentemente necessária para se obter um diagnóstico precoce e manejar melhor a FA, e para reduzir o risco de AVC em pacientes com FA. A implementação das recomendações pormenorizadas neste relatório, em âmbito regional e nacional, será crucial.

¿Cómo reducir los accidentes cerebrovasculares en Latinoamérica?: Parte 3 / How can we avoid a stroke crisis? / Como podemos evitar uma crise de AVC na América Latina?

Cada año, cientos de miles de personas en Latinoamérica sufren un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), y se prevé que la cantidad de ACV por año aumente dramáticamente a medida que la población envejece. Esta es una epidemia que ya comienza a aparecer, y se requieren medidas inmediatas para evitar una crisis. Muchos de estos pacientes mueren a causa de un ACV; otros quedan con discapacidades graves, lo que es devastador no sólo para sus vidas, sino también para sus familiares y cuidadores. No sorprende que las consecuencias económicas del ACV sean enormes, tanto para las personas como para los sistemas de atención médica. La fibrilación auricular (FA) -la anomalía sostenida más común del ritmo cardíaco- afecta a millones de personas en Latinoamérica. Por ejemplo, en Brasil, se ha estimado que, aproximadamente, 1,5 millones de pacientes viven con FA. Las personas con FA tienen un riesgo cinco veces mayor de ACV en comparación con la población general. Más aún, los ACV relacionados con la FA son más graves, tienen peor evolución y son más costosos que los ACV en pacientes sin FA. Por lo tanto, los pacientes con FA constituyen una población importante para reducir la carga general del ACV. Este informe tiene como objetivo generar conciencia entre los profesionales de la salud y quienes tienen poder de decisión sobre la salud acerca de que la mejor comprensión y tratamiento de la FA y una mejor prevención del ACV son posibles. Sin embargo, se necesita una mayor inversión en la prevención del ACV, especialmente, en pacientes con FA. Se requiere con urgencia la acción coordinada de los gobiernos de los países latinoamericanos, a fin de lograr el diagnóstico más temprano y el mejor tratamiento de la FA, y para reducir el riesgo de ACV en pacientes con FA. La implementación de las recomendaciones detalladas en este informe, a nivel regional y nacional, será crucial.(AU)

Each year, hundreds of thousands of people in Latin America suffer a stroke, and it is expected that the number of strokes per year increases dramatically as the population ages. This is an epidemic that is beginning to emerge, requiring immediate action to avoid a crisis. Many of these patients die from a stroke; others are severely disabled, which is devastating not only for their lives, but also for their families and caregivers. Not surprisingly, the economic consequences of stroke are enormous, both for individuals and for health care systems. Atrial fibrillation (AF) -the most common sustained abnormality of heart rhythm- affects about 6 million people in Latin America. For example, in Brazil, it was estimated that approximately1.5 million patients living AF. Individuals with AF are at a fivefold increased risk of stroke compared with the general population. Furthermore, strokes related to AF are more severe and have poorer outcomes than strokes in patients without AF. Patients with AF are therefore an important target population for reducing the overall burden of stroke. This report aims to raise awareness among patients, policy makers, healthcare professionals and the general public that better knowledge and management of AF and better prevention of stroke are possible. However, greater investment in preventing stroke is needed, particularly in patients with AF. Coordinated action by governments of Latin American countries is urgently required to achieve earlier diagnosis and better management of AF and to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AF. Implementation of the recommendations detailed in this report, at regional and national level, will be crucial.(AU)

A cada ano, centenas de milhares de pessoas na América Latina manifestam um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e está previsto que o número de AVC por ano aumentará drasticamente com o envelhecimento da populaþÒo. Esta é uma epidemia que já teve início, necessitando de aþÒo imediata para que se evite uma crise. Muitos desses pacientes vÛm a falecer de AVC; outros ficam com graves sequelas que devastam nÒo somente a sua vida, mas a de seus familiares e cuidadores. De forma nÒo surpreendente, as implicaþ§es de AVC sÒo imensas tanto para os indivíduos como para os sistemas de saúde. A fibrilaþÒo atrial (FA) -a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum- afeta milh§es de pessoas na América Latina. Por exemplo, no Brasil, estimou-se que há aproximadamente 1,5 milh§es de pacientes que convivem com FA. Indivíduos com FA tÛm risco cinco vezes maior de AVC comparados O populaþÒo geral. Além disso, os AVC relacionados O FA sÒo mais graves, tÛm desfechos piores e sÒo mais onerosos do que AVC em pacientes sem FA. Portanto, pacientes com FA sÒo uma populaþÒo alvo importante para a reduþÒo do ¶nus geral de AVC. Este relatório visa aumentar a conscientizaþÒo entre os elaboradores de políticas e os profissionais de saúde de que é possível obter melhor conhecimento e manejo da FA e melhor prevenþÒo de AVC. Entretanto, é necessário um investimento maior na prevenþÒo de AVC, principalmente em pacientes com FA. A aþÒo coordenada entre governos nacionais de países latinoamericanos é urgentemente necessária para se obter um diagnóstico precoce e manejar melhor a FA, e para reduzir o risco de AVC em pacientes com FA. A implementaþÒo das recomendaþ§es pormenorizadas neste relatório, em Ômbito regional e nacional, será crucial.(AU)

Developmental differences in megakaryocyte size in infants and children.

Developmental differences in megakaryocytes between neonates and adults have been described. However, the age at which megakaryocytes make a transition to an adult phenotype is unknown. Small megakaryocytes are often described as "dysplastic" in the pathology literature. Thus, recognizing the normal features of megakaryocytes at different ages has diagnostic implications. We identified 72 samples from 61 patients, aged 3 days to 80 years, who had negative staging based on bone marrow examination. Megakaryocyte diameters, as highlighted with anti-CD61, were measured. A scatter plot of megakaryocyte size by age revealed a normal distribution of sizes at the youngest ages, with a shift to multiple peaks starting at 24 months indicating that neonates have megakaryocytes of uniform sizes, which diverge into separate clusters of smaller and larger cells beginning at 2 years; this is followed by an overall shift toward larger megakaryocytes at age 4 years. These observations have direct implications for the evaluation of bone marrow megakaryocytes in young children.

Long-term risk of recurrent stroke in young cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale.

BACKGROUND: Among patients with a patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic ischemic stroke, the long-term prognosis is unclear. AIMS: This study aims to estimate the recurrence rate in young cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty-six cryptogenic stroke patients (aged 18-45 years) were prospectively followed for up to five-years. They were divided into two groups according to the echocardiographic presence of patent foramen ovale. All patients received aspirin (100 mg/day) for secondary prevention. RESULTS: Mean age was 32·3 (standard deviation 7·9) years. During the mean follow-up of 66 months five patients with patent foramen ovale had recurrent strokes compared with 11 patients without patent foramen ovale. The average annual rate of recurrent cerebral ischemia was 1·1% and 1·6% for patients with and without patent foramen ovale, respectively. The recurrence rate did not increase with the presence of patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm or other variables. More than 60% of the reported cases achieved a good functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Young patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke with and without patent foramen ovale have a low recurrence rate in a long-term follow-up and most present a favorable outcome. Patent foramen ovale with or without atrial septal aneurysm did not increase the risk of recurrence.

Isolated vein thrombosis of the posterior fossa presenting as localized cerebellar venous infarctions or hemorrhages.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebellar venous infarction or hemorrhage due to isolated venous thrombosis of the posterior fossa is a rare form of intracranial vein thrombosis that can be unsuspected in clinical practice. METHODS: We studied 230 patients with intracranial vein thrombosis, identifying 9 (3.9%: 7 women, mean age 34 years) with neuroimaging or histopathologic evidence of localized posterior fossa vein thrombosis causing parenchymal injury limited exclusively to the cerebellum. RESULTS: All patients had an insidious presentation suggesting other diagnoses. Intracranial hypertension (n=6) and cerebellar (n=4) syndromes were the main clinical presentations. Intracranial vein thrombosis was idiopathic in 3 patients; associated with puerperium in 3; and with contraceptives, protein C deficiency, and dehydration in 1 case each. CT was abnormal but not diagnostic in 5 patients, showing a cerebellar hypodensity with fourth ventricle compression and variable hydrocephalus in 5 patients, and cerebellar hemorrhage in 2. Conventional MRI provided diagnosis in 6 cases, showing the causal thrombosis and cerebellar involvement; angiography was practiced in 2 of them, confirming the findings identified by MRI. In the other 3 patients, diagnosis was reached by histopathology. Thromboses were localized at the straight sinus (n=4), lateral sinuses (n=3), and superior petrosal vein (n=2). The acute case fatality rate was 22.2% (n=2), 1 (11.1%) patient was discharged in a vegetative state, 1 (11.1%) was severely disabled, and 5 (55.6%) were moderately disabled. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated venous thrombosis of the posterior fossa is infrequent and implies a challenging diagnosis. Risk factors for intracranial vein thrombosis and atypical cerebellar findings on CT should lead to further MRI assessment.